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Paragraph
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (June 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
A paragraph (from the Ancient Greek παράγραφος paragraphos, “to write beside” or “written beside”) is a self-contained unit of a discourse in writing dealing with a particular point or idea. A paragraph consists of one or more sentences.[1][2] Though not required by the syntax of any language, paragraphs are usually an expected part of formal writing, used to organize longer prose.

Contents [hide]
1 History
2 Typographical considerations
3 In computing
4 Numbering
5 Section breaks
6 Purpose and style advice
7 See also
8 Notes
9 References
10 External links
History[edit]
The oldest classical Greek and Latin writing had little or no space between words and could be written in boustrophedon (alternating directions). Over time, text direction (left to right) became standardized, and word dividers and terminal punctuation became common. The first way to divide sentences into groups was the original paragraphos, similar to an underscore at the beginning of the new group.[3] The Greek paragraphos evolved into the pilcrow (¶), which in English manuscripts in the Middle Ages can be seen inserted inline between sentences. The hedera leaf (e.g. ☙) has also been used in the same way.

Indented paragraphs demonstrated in the US Constitution
In ancient manuscripts, another means to divide sentences into paragraphs was a line break (newline) followed by an initial at the beginning of the next paragraph. An initial is an oversized capital letter, sometimes outdented beyond the margin of the text. This style can be seen, for example, in the original Old English manuscript of Beowulf. Outdenting is still used in English typography, though not commonly.[4] Modern English typography usually indicates a new paragraph by indenting the first line. This style can be seen in the (handwritten) United States Constitution from 1787. For additional ornamentation, a hedera leaf or other symbol can be added to the inter-paragraph whitespace, or put in the indentation space.

A second common modern English style is to use no indenting, but add vertical white space to create “block paragraphs.” On a typewriter, a double carriage return produces a blank line for this purpose; professional typesetters (or word processing software) may put in an arbitrary vertical space by adjusting leading. This style is very common in electronic formats, such as on the World Wide Web and email.

Typographical considerations[edit]
Widows and orphans occur when the first line of a paragraph is the last line in a column or page, or when the last line of a paragraph is the first line of a new column or page.

A recent trendy idea in English is not to indent the first paragraph, but indent those that follow. For example, Robert Bringhurst states that we should “Set opening paragraphs flush left.”[4] Bringhurst explains as follows:

The function of a paragraph is to mark a pause, setting the paragraph apart from what precedes it. If a paragraph is preceded by a title or subhead, the indent is superfluous and can therefore be omitted.[4]

The Elements of Typographic Style states that “at least one en [space]” should be used to indent paragraphs after the first,[4] noting that that is the “practical minimum”.[5] An em space is the most commonly used paragraph indent.[5] Miles Tinker, in his book Legibility of Print, concluded that indenting the first line of paragraphs increases readability by 7%, on the average.[6]

In computing[edit]
See also: Newline
In word processing and desktop publishing, a hard return or paragraph break indicates a new paragraph, to be distinguished from the soft return at the end of a line internal to a paragraph. This distinction allows word wrap to automatically re-flow text as it is edited, without losing paragraph breaks. The software may apply vertical whitespace or indenting at paragraph breaks, depending on the selected style.

How such documents are actually stored depends on the file format. For example, HTML uses the <p> tag as a paragraph container. In plaintext files, there are two common formats. Pre-formatted text will have a newline at the end of every physical line, and two newlines at the end of a paragraph, creating a blank line. An alternative is to only put newlines at the end of each paragraph, and leave word wrapping up to the application that displays or processes the text.

A line break that is inserted manually, and preserved when re-flowing, may still be distinct from a paragraph break, although this is typically not done in prose. HTML’s <br /> tag produces a line break without ending the paragraph; the W3C recommends using it only to separate lines of verse (where each “paragraph” is a stanza), or in a street address.[7]

Numbering[edit]
Paragraphs are commonly numbered using the decimal system, where (in books) the integral part of the decimal represents the number of the chapter and the fractional parts are arranged in each chapter in order of magnitude. Thus in Whittaker and Watson’s 1921 A Course of Modern Analysis, chapter 9 is devoted to Fourier Series; within that chapter §9.6 introduces Riemann’s theory, the following section §9.61 treats an associated function, following §9.62 some properties of that function, following §9.621 a related lemma, while §9.63 introduces Riemann’s main theorem, and so on. Whittaker and Watson attribute this system of numbering to Giuseppe Peano on their “Contents” page, although this attribution does not seem to be widely credited elsewhere.[8]

Section breaks[edit]
Main article: Section (typography)
Many published books use a device to separate certain paragraphs further when there is a change of scene or time. This extra space, especially when co-occurring at a page or section break, may contain an asterisk, three asterisks, a special stylistic dingbat, or a special symbol known as an asterism.

Purpose and style advice[edit]
A common English usage misconception is that a paragraph has three to five sentences; single-word paragraphs can be seen in some professional writing, and journalists often use single-sentence paragraphs.[9]

The crafting of clear, coherent paragraphs is the subject of considerable stylistic debate. Forms generally vary among types of writing. For example, newspapers, scientific journals, and fictional essays have somewhat different conventions for the placement of paragraph breaks.

English students are sometimes taught that a paragraph should have a topic sentence or “main idea”, preferably first, and multiple “supporting” or “detail” sentences which explain or supply evidence. One technique of this type, intended for essay writing, is known as the Schaffer paragraph. For example, the following excerpt from Dr. Samuel Johnson’s Lives of the English Poets, the first sentence is the main idea: that Joseph Addison is a skilled “describer of life and manners”. The succeeding sentences are details that support and explain the main idea in a specific way.

As a describer of life and manners, he must be allowed to stand perhaps the first of the first rank. His humour, which, as Steele observes, is peculiar to himself, is so happily diffused as to give the grace of novelty to domestic scenes and daily occurrences. He never “o’ersteps the modesty of nature,” nor raises merriment or wonder by the violation of truth. His figures neither divert by distortion nor amaze by aggravation. He copies life with so much fidelity that he can be hardly said to invent; yet his exhibitions have an air so much original, that it is difficult to suppose them not merely the product of imagination.

This advice differs from stock advice for the construction of paragraphs in Japanese (translated as danraku 段落).[10]

See also[edit]
Typography portal
Inverted pyramid (journalism)
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ “Paragraph Development”. The Writing Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
Jump up ^ Harvey, Michael. “Paragraphs”. The Nuts and Bolts of College Writing. Archived from the original on 2014.
Jump up ^ Edwin Herbert Lewis (1894). The History of the English Paragraph. p. 9.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Bringhurst, Robert (2005). The Elements of Typographic Style. Vancouver: Hartley and Marks. p. 39. ISBN 0-88179-206-3.
^ Jump up to: a b Bringhurst, Robert (2005). The Elements of Typographic Style. Vancouver: Hartley and Marks. p. 40. ISBN 0-88179-206-3.
Jump up ^ Tinker, Miles A. (1963). Legibility of Print. Iowa: Iowa State University Press. p. 127. ISBN 0-8138-2450-8.
Jump up ^ https://www.w3.org/wiki/HTML/Elements/br
Jump up ^ Kowwalski, E. “Peano paragraphing”. blogs.ethz.ch.
Jump up ^ University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. “Paragraph Development”. The Writing Center. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Retrieved 27 May 2011.
Jump up ^ http://jalt.org/pansig/2004/HTML/KimKon.htm
References[edit]
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. 4th ed. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2000.
Johnson, Samuel. Lives of the Poets: Addison, Savage, etc.. Project Gutenberg, November 2003. E-Book, #4673.
Rozakis, Laurie E. Master the AP English Language and Composition Test. Lawrenceville, NJ: Peterson’s, 2000. ISBN 0-7645-6184-7 (10). ISBN 978-0-7645-6184-9 (13).
External links[edit]
The dictionary definition of paragraph at Wiktionary
[hide] v t e
Typography terminology
Page
Canons of page construction Column Even working Margin Page numbering Pagination Pull quote Recto and verso
Paragraph
Alignment Justification Leading River Sentence spacing Widows and orphans
Character
Typeface anatomy
Counter Diacritics Dingbat Glyph Initial Kerning Letter-spacing Ligature Subscript and superscript Swash Text figures Tittle
Capitalization
All caps CamelCase Letter case Petite caps Small caps
Visual distinction
Italics Oblique Bold Color Underline ?????????? ???? ??????????? Infant
Vertical aspects
Ascender Baseline Cap height Descender Median Overshoot x-height
Classifications
Roman type
Antiqua (Old Style) Didone (Modern) Sans-serif Script Serif Slab serif Transitional Reverse-contrast
Blackletter type
Fraktur Rotunda Schwabacher Textualis
Gaelic type
Insular Uncial
Specialist
Record type
Punctuation
Dashes Hanging punctuation Hyphen-minus Hyphenation Prime mark Quotation mark
Typesetting
Calligraphy etaoin shrdlu Font computer monospaced Font catalog Letterpress Lorem ipsum Microtypography Movable type Pangram Phototypesetting Punchcutting Type color Type design Typeface Microprint list
Typographic units
Agate Cicero Em En Figure space Measure Paren space Pica Point traditional point-size names Thin space
Digital typography
Character encoding Font formats Hinting Rasterization Typesetting software Typographic features Web typography
Related
Intentionally blank page Style guide Type foundry
Category Category Commons page Commons Portal Portal
Categories: TypographyWriting
Navigation menu
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This page was last edited on 5 April 2017, at 00:09.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policyAbout WikipediaDisclaimersContact WikipediaDevelopersCookie statementMobile viewWikimedia Foundation Powered by MediaWiki
Paragraph
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Globe icon.
The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (June 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
A paragraph (from the Ancient Greek παράγραφος paragraphos, “to write beside” or “written beside”) is a self-contained unit of a discourse in writing dealing with a particular point or idea. A paragraph consists of one or more sentences.[1][2] Though not required by the syntax of any language, paragraphs are usually an expected part of formal writing, used to organize longer prose.

Contents [hide]
1 History
2 Typographical considerations
3 In computing
4 Numbering
5 Section breaks
6 Purpose and style advice
7 See also
8 Notes
9 References
10 External links
History[edit]
The oldest classical Greek and Latin writing had little or no space between words and could be written in boustrophedon (alternating directions). Over time, text direction (left to right) became standardized, and word dividers and terminal punctuation became common. The first way to divide sentences into groups was the original paragraphos, similar to an underscore at the beginning of the new group.[3] The Greek paragraphos evolved into the pilcrow (¶), which in English manuscripts in the Middle Ages can be seen inserted inline between sentences. The hedera leaf (e.g. ☙) has also been used in the same way.

Indented paragraphs demonstrated in the US Constitution
In ancient manuscripts, another means to divide sentences into paragraphs was a line break (newline) followed by an initial at the beginning of the next paragraph. An initial is an oversized capital letter, sometimes outdented beyond the margin of the text. This style can be seen, for example, in the original Old English manuscript of Beowulf. Outdenting is still used in English typography, though not commonly.[4] Modern English typography usually indicates a new paragraph by indenting the first line. This style can be seen in the (handwritten) United States Constitution from 1787. For additional ornamentation, a hedera leaf or other symbol can be added to the inter-paragraph whitespace, or put in the indentation space.

A second common modern English style is to use no indenting, but add vertical white space to create “block paragraphs.” On a typewriter, a double carriage return produces a blank line for this purpose; professional typesetters (or word processing software) may put in an arbitrary vertical space by adjusting leading. This style is very common in electronic formats, such as on the World Wide Web and email.

Typographical considerations[edit]
Widows and orphans occur when the first line of a paragraph is the last line in a column or page, or when the last line of a paragraph is the first line of a new column or page.

A recent trendy idea in English is not to indent the first paragraph, but indent those that follow. For example, Robert Bringhurst states that we should “Set opening paragraphs flush left.”[4] Bringhurst explains as follows:

The function of a paragraph is to mark a pause, setting the paragraph apart from what precedes it. If a paragraph is preceded by a title or subhead, the indent is superfluous and can therefore be omitted.[4]

The Elements of Typographic Style states that “at least one en [space]” should be used to indent paragraphs after the first,[4] noting that that is the “practical minimum”.[5] An em space is the most commonly used paragraph indent.[5] Miles Tinker, in his book Legibility of Print, concluded that indenting the first line of paragraphs increases readability by 7%, on the average.[6]

In computing[edit]
See also: Newline
In word processing and desktop publishing, a hard return or paragraph break indicates a new paragraph, to be distinguished from the soft return at the end of a line internal to a paragraph. This distinction allows word wrap to automatically re-flow text as it is edited, without losing paragraph breaks. The software may apply vertical whitespace or indenting at paragraph breaks, depending on the selected style.

How such documents are actually stored depends on the file format. For example, HTML uses the <p> tag as a paragraph container. In plaintext files, there are two common formats. Pre-formatted text will have a newline at the end of every physical line, and two newlines at the end of a paragraph, creating a blank line. An alternative is to only put newlines at the end of each paragraph, and leave word wrapping up to the application that displays or processes the text.

A line break that is inserted manually, and preserved when re-flowing, may still be distinct from a paragraph break, although this is typically not done in prose. HTML’s <br /> tag produces a line break without ending the paragraph; the W3C recommends using it only to separate lines of verse (where each “paragraph” is a stanza), or in a street address.[7]

Numbering[edit]
Paragraphs are commonly numbered using the decimal system, where (in books) the integral part of the decimal represents the number of the chapter and the fractional parts are arranged in each chapter in order of magnitude. Thus in Whittaker and Watson’s 1921 A Course of Modern Analysis, chapter 9 is devoted to Fourier Series; within that chapter §9.6 introduces Riemann’s theory, the following section §9.61 treats an associated function, following §9.62 some properties of that function, following §9.621 a related lemma, while §9.63 introduces Riemann’s main theorem, and so on. Whittaker and Watson attribute this system of numbering to Giuseppe Peano on their “Contents” page, although this attribution does not seem to be widely credited elsewhere.[8]

Section breaks[edit]
Main article: Section (typography)
Many published books use a device to separate certain paragraphs further when there is a change of scene or time. This extra space, especially when co-occurring at a page or section break, may contain an asterisk, three asterisks, a special stylistic dingbat, or a special symbol known as an asterism.

Purpose and style advice[edit]
A common English usage misconception is that a paragraph has three to five sentences; single-word paragraphs can be seen in some professional writing, and journalists often use single-sentence paragraphs.[9]

The crafting of clear, coherent paragraphs is the subject of considerable stylistic debate. Forms generally vary among types of writing. For example, newspapers, scientific journals, and fictional essays have somewhat different conventions for the placement of paragraph breaks.

English students are sometimes taught that a paragraph should have a topic sentence or “main idea”, preferably first, and multiple “supporting” or “detail” sentences which explain or supply evidence. One technique of this type, intended for essay writing, is known as the Schaffer paragraph. For example, the following excerpt from Dr. Samuel Johnson’s Lives of the English Poets, the first sentence is the main idea: that Joseph Addison is a skilled “describer of life and manners”. The succeeding sentences are details that support and explain the main idea in a specific way.

As a describer of life and manners, he must be allowed to stand perhaps the first of the first rank. His humour, which, as Steele observes, is peculiar to himself, is so happily diffused as to give the grace of novelty to domestic scenes and daily occurrences. He never “o’ersteps the modesty of nature,” nor raises merriment or wonder by the violation of truth. His figures neither divert by distortion nor amaze by aggravation. He copies life with so much fidelity that he can be hardly said to invent; yet his exhibitions have an air so much original, that it is difficult to suppose them not merely the product of imagination.

This advice differs from stock advice for the construction of paragraphs in Japanese (translated as danraku 段落).[10]

See also[edit]
Typography portal
Inverted pyramid (journalism)
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ “Paragraph Development”. The Writing Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
Jump up ^ Harvey, Michael. “Paragraphs”. The Nuts and Bolts of College Writing. Archived from the original on 2014.
Jump up ^ Edwin Herbert Lewis (1894). The History of the English Paragraph. p. 9.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Bringhurst, Robert (2005). The Elements of Typographic Style. Vancouver: Hartley and Marks. p. 39. ISBN 0-88179-206-3.
^ Jump up to: a b Bringhurst, Robert (2005). The Elements of Typographic Style. Vancouver: Hartley and Marks. p. 40. ISBN 0-88179-206-3.
Jump up ^ Tinker, Miles A. (1963). Legibility of Print. Iowa: Iowa State University Press. p. 127. ISBN 0-8138-2450-8.
Jump up ^ https://www.w3.org/wiki/HTML/Elements/br
Jump up ^ Kowwalski, E. “Peano paragraphing”. blogs.ethz.ch.
Jump up ^ University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. “Paragraph Development”. The Writing Center. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Retrieved 27 May 2011.
Jump up ^ http://jalt.org/pansig/2004/HTML/KimKon.htm
References[edit]
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. 4th ed. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2000.
Johnson, Samuel. Lives of the Poets: Addison, Savage, etc.. Project Gutenberg, November 2003. E-Book, #4673.
Rozakis, Laurie E. Master the AP English Language and Composition Test. Lawrenceville, NJ: Peterson’s, 2000. ISBN 0-7645-6184-7 (10). ISBN 978-0-7645-6184-9 (13).
External links[edit]
The dictionary definition of paragraph at Wiktionary
[hide] v t e
Typography terminology
Page
Canons of page construction Column Even working Margin Page numbering Pagination Pull quote Recto and verso
Paragraph
Alignment Justification Leading River Sentence spacing Widows and orphans
Character
Typeface anatomy
Counter Diacritics Dingbat Glyph Initial Kerning Letter-spacing Ligature Subscript and superscript Swash Text figures Tittle
Capitalization
All caps CamelCase Letter case Petite caps Small caps
Visual distinction
Italics Oblique Bold Color Underline ?????????? ???? ??????????? Infant
Vertical aspects
Ascender Baseline Cap height Descender Median Overshoot x-height
Classifications
Roman type
Antiqua (Old Style) Didone (Modern) Sans-serif Script Serif Slab serif Transitional Reverse-contrast
Blackletter type
Fraktur Rotunda Schwabacher Textualis
Gaelic type
Insular Uncial
Specialist
Record type
Punctuation
Dashes Hanging punctuation Hyphen-minus Hyphenation Prime mark Quotation mark
Typesetting
Calligraphy etaoin shrdlu Font computer monospaced Font catalog Letterpress Lorem ipsum Microtypography Movable type Pangram Phototypesetting Punchcutting Type color Type design Typeface Microprint list
Typographic units
Agate Cicero Em En Figure space Measure Paren space Pica Point traditional point-size names Thin space
Digital typography
Character encoding Font formats Hinting Rasterization Typesetting software Typographic features Web typography
Related
Intentionally blank page Style guide Type foundry
Category Category Commons page Commons Portal Portal
Categories: TypographyWriting
Navigation menu
Not logged inTalkContributionsCreate accountLog inArticleTalkReadEditView historySearch

Search Wikipedia
Go
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Azərbaycanca
Беларуская
Български
Català
Čeština
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Frysk
Galego
한국어
हिन्दी
Ido
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
עברית
Basa Jawa
Қазақша
Кыргызча
Лезги
Nederlands
日本語
Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча
Polski
Português
Русский
Simple English
Slovenčina
Српски / srpski
Svenska
Tagalog
Türkçe
Türkmençe
Українська
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 5 April 2017, at 00:09.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policyAbout WikipediaDisclaimersContact WikipediaDevelopersCookie statementMobile viewWikimedia Foundation Powered by MediaWiki

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